Colegio de Estudios Científicos y Tecnológicos del Estado de B.C.S. Plantel 02 “Profr. Néstor Agúndez Martínez”
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© 2025 Colegio de Estudios Científicos y Tecnológicos del Estado de B.C.S. Plantel 02 “Profr. Néstor Agúndez Martínez”
Robertfrifs
18 Apr 2025 - 02:39 pm
Что учитывать при выборе подходящих пиломатериалов для строительства
Введение
Пиломатериалы это база хоть какого строительства: от каркасного дома до беседки или террасы. Грамотный выбор древесной породы оказывает влияние на прочность, долговечность и эстетику будущей постройки. В этой статье расскажем, на что стоит обратить внимание при выборе пиломатериалов для строительства.
Вид древесной породы
Разные породы дерева имеют свои достоинства и недочеты.
Хвойные (сосна, ель, лиственница)
Самые знаменитые и доступные благодаря цене и превосходным строительным чертам. Лиственница более устойчива к влаге, чем сосна.
Лиственные (дуб, ясень, берёза)
Употребляются реже из-за высокой цены. Владеют повышенной прочностью и износостойкостью, идеальны для внутренних работ и отделки http://msfo-soft.ru/msfo/forum/user/57409/
Сорт и качество
Пиломатериалы посещают разных сортов (от 1 до 4).
1-ый сорт малое количество сучков и изъянов, подходит для ответственных конструкций.
2-ой и третий сорт допустимы отдельные недостатки, употребляют для черновых работ.
4-ый сорт только для временных и второстепенных конструкций.
Влажность древесной породы
Влажность древесной породы влияет на её геометрию и срок службы. Очень сырая древесина может деформироваться при высыхании.
Строительная влажность (1822%)
То что надо для чернового строительства.
Камерная сушка (1214%)
Используется для внутренней отделки и мебели.
Обработка и защита
Обрешечённые, строганые, профилированные пиломатериалы уже готовы к использованию. Необработанную древесную породу рекомендуется пропитывать антисептиками, антипиренами (защита от гниения, плесени, насекомых и огня).
Размеры и геометрия
Проверьте корректность размеров, прямолинейность, неименье трещин и сколов. Особенное внимание уделяйте одинаковой толщине материала особенно для несущих конструкций.
Назначение
Для каркасных стен, балок, перекрытий
Используйте брус и доску высших сортов, хорошо просушенные и обработанные.
Для внешних работ
То что надо пиломатериалы с природной устойчивостью (лиственница) или кропотливо обработанные составами для защиты от воды.
Для работ внутри помещения
Применяют более мягенькие и дешёвые породы, но с неплохой влажностью и без очевидных недостатков.
Где покупать
Выбирайте испытанных поставщиков. Не стыдитесь просить сертификаты о происхождении и влажности. Осматривайте пиломатериалы на складе прежде чем купить.
Заключение
При выборе пиломатериалов принципиально учитывать породу дерева, сортность, влажность, обработку и назначение материалов. Правильный подход к выбору гарантирует долговечность и надёжность вашей постройки, а также сэкономит ваше время и деньги на ремонте в будущем.
Gordonbar
18 Apr 2025 - 01:53 pm
‘A whole different mindset’
Accurate clockwork is one matter. But how future astronauts living and working on the lunar surface will experience time is a different question entirely.
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On Earth, our sense of one day is governed by the fact that the planet completes one rotation every 24 hours, giving most locations a consistent cycle of daylight and darkened nights. On the moon, however, the equator receives roughly 14 days of sunlight followed by 14 days of darkness.
“It’s just a very, very different concept” on the moon, Betts said. “And (NASA is) talking about landing astronauts in the very interesting south polar region (of the moon), where you have permanently lit and permanently shadowed areas. So, that’s a whole other set of confusion.”
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“It’ll be challenging” for those astronauts, Betts added. “It’s so different than Earth, and it’s just a whole different mindset.”
That will be true no matter what time is displayed on the astronauts’ watches.
Still, precision timekeeping matters — not just for the sake of scientifically understanding the passage of time on the moon but also for setting up all the infrastructure necessary to carry out missions.
The beauty of creating a time scale from scratch, Gramling said, is that scientists can take everything they have learned about timekeeping on Earth and apply it to a new system on the moon.
And if scientists can get it right on the moon, she added, they can get it right later down the road if NASA fulfills its goal of sending astronauts deeper into the solar system.
“We are very much looking at executing this on the moon, learning what we can learn,” Gramling said, “so that we are prepared to do the same thing on Mars or other future bodies.”
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18 Apr 2025 - 01:40 pm
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18 Apr 2025 - 01:13 pm
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Larrynen
18 Apr 2025 - 01:03 pm
WASHINGTON — “Liberation Day” just gave way to Capitulation Day.
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President Donald Trump pulled back Wednesday on a series of harsh tariffs targeting friends and foes alike in an audacious bid to remake the global economic order.
Trump's early afternoon announcement followed a harrowing week in which Republican lawmakers and confidants privately warned him that the tariffs could wreck the economy. His own aides had quietly raised alarms about the financial markets before he suspended a tariff regime that he had unveiled with a flourish just one week earlier in a Rose Garden ceremony.
Follow live politics coverage here
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The stock market rose immediately after the about-face, ending days of losses that have forced older Americans who've been sinking their savings into 401(k)s to rethink their retirement plans.
Ahead of Trump's announcement, some of his advisers had been in a near panic about the bond markets, according to a senior administration official. Interest rates on 10-year Treasury bonds had been rising, contrary to what normally happens when stock prices fall and investors seek safety in treasuries. The unusual dynamic meant that at the same time the tariffs could push up prices, people would be paying more to buy homes or pay off credit card debt because of higher interest rates. Businesses looking to expand would pay more for new loans.
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Two of Trump's most senior advisers, Treasury Secretary Scott Bessent and Commerce Secretary Howard Lutnick, presented a united front Wednesday, urging him to suspend the tariffs in light of the bond market, the administration official said.
In a social media post, Trump announced a 90-day pause that he said he’ll use to negotiate deals with dozens of countries that have expressed openness to revising trade terms that he contends exploit American businesses and workers. One exception is China. Trump upped the tariff on the country’s biggest geopolitical rival to 125%, part of a tit-for-tat escalation in an evolving trade war.
Trump reversed course one week after he appeared in the Rose Garden and unveiled his plan to bring jobs back to the United States. Displaying a chart showing the new, elevated tariffs that countries would face, Trump proclaimed, “My fellow Americans, this is Liberation Day.”
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Frankmaido
18 Apr 2025 - 12:57 pm
Lunar clockwork
What scientists know for certain is that they need to get precision timekeeping instruments to the moon.
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Exactly who pays for lunar clocks, which type of clocks will go, and where they’ll be positioned are all questions that remain up in the air, Gramling said.
“We have to work all of this out,” she said. “I don’t think we know yet. I think it will be an amalgamation of several different things.”
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Atomic clocks, Gramling noted, are great for long-term stability, and crystal oscillators have an advantage for short-term stability.
“You never trust one clock,” Gramling added. “And you never trust two clocks.”
Clocks of various types could be placed inside satellites that orbit the moon or perhaps at the precise locations on the lunar surface that astronauts will one day visit.
As for price, an atomic clock worthy of space travel could cost around a few million dollars, according Gramling, with crystal oscillators coming in substantially cheaper.
But, Patla said, you get what you pay for.
“The very cheap oscillators may be off by milliseconds or even 10s of milliseconds,” he added. “And that is important because for navigation purposes — we need to have the clocks synchronized to 10s of nanoseconds.”
A network of clocks on the moon could work in concert to inform the new lunar time scale, just as atomic clocks do for UTC on Earth.
(There will not, Gramling added, be different time zones on the moon. “There have been conversations about creating different zones, with the answer: ‘No,’” she said. “But that could change in the future.”)
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18 Apr 2025 - 12:23 pm
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Petervex
18 Apr 2025 - 12:11 pm
‘A whole different mindset’
Accurate clockwork is one matter. But how future astronauts living and working on the lunar surface will experience time is a different question entirely.
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On Earth, our sense of one day is governed by the fact that the planet completes one rotation every 24 hours, giving most locations a consistent cycle of daylight and darkened nights. On the moon, however, the equator receives roughly 14 days of sunlight followed by 14 days of darkness.
“It’s just a very, very different concept” on the moon, Betts said. “And (NASA is) talking about landing astronauts in the very interesting south polar region (of the moon), where you have permanently lit and permanently shadowed areas. So, that’s a whole other set of confusion.”
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“It’ll be challenging” for those astronauts, Betts added. “It’s so different than Earth, and it’s just a whole different mindset.”
That will be true no matter what time is displayed on the astronauts’ watches.
Still, precision timekeeping matters — not just for the sake of scientifically understanding the passage of time on the moon but also for setting up all the infrastructure necessary to carry out missions.
The beauty of creating a time scale from scratch, Gramling said, is that scientists can take everything they have learned about timekeeping on Earth and apply it to a new system on the moon.
And if scientists can get it right on the moon, she added, they can get it right later down the road if NASA fulfills its goal of sending astronauts deeper into the solar system.
“We are very much looking at executing this on the moon, learning what we can learn,” Gramling said, “so that we are prepared to do the same thing on Mars or other future bodies.”
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18 Apr 2025 - 11:46 am
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Jeffreyfew
18 Apr 2025 - 11:36 am
Lunar clockwork
What scientists know for certain is that they need to get precision timekeeping instruments to the moon.
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Exactly who pays for lunar clocks, which type of clocks will go, and where they’ll be positioned are all questions that remain up in the air, Gramling said.
“We have to work all of this out,” she said. “I don’t think we know yet. I think it will be an amalgamation of several different things.”
https://kra30c.cc
кракен ссылка
Atomic clocks, Gramling noted, are great for long-term stability, and crystal oscillators have an advantage for short-term stability.
“You never trust one clock,” Gramling added. “And you never trust two clocks.”
Clocks of various types could be placed inside satellites that orbit the moon or perhaps at the precise locations on the lunar surface that astronauts will one day visit.
As for price, an atomic clock worthy of space travel could cost around a few million dollars, according Gramling, with crystal oscillators coming in substantially cheaper.
But, Patla said, you get what you pay for.
“The very cheap oscillators may be off by milliseconds or even 10s of milliseconds,” he added. “And that is important because for navigation purposes — we need to have the clocks synchronized to 10s of nanoseconds.”
A network of clocks on the moon could work in concert to inform the new lunar time scale, just as atomic clocks do for UTC on Earth.
(There will not, Gramling added, be different time zones on the moon. “There have been conversations about creating different zones, with the answer: ‘No,’” she said. “But that could change in the future.”)